700 service

1) служба; работа

2) вид связи

3) услуги, обслуживание, сервис

4) служебный; сервисный

•

- 500 service

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Public utilities

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Kaplan was educated at the Realschule in Vienna and went on to the Technische Hochschule to study machine construction, gaining his engineer's diploma in 1900. He spent a year in voluntary service in the Navy before entering Ganz \& Co. at Lebersdorf, where he was engaged in the manufacture of diesel engines. In 1903 he turned to an academic career, first with a professorship in kinematics, theoretical machine studies and machine construction at the Technische Hochschule in Brunn (now Brno). In 1918 he became Professor of Water Turbine Construction, remaining as such until his early retirement for health reasons in 1931.

Kaplan's first publication on turbines, in 1908, was an extension of work carried out for his doctorate at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna and concerned the Francis-type turbine. Kaplan went on to develop and patent the form of water turbine that came to bear his name. It is a reaction turbine which uses a large flow on a low head and which is made like a ship's propeller with variable-pitch vanes running in a close-fitting casing. Its application was neglected at first, but since the 1920s it has become the basic turbine for most high-powered hydroelectric plant: the turbines have been capable of around 85 per cent efficiency and modern developments have raised this figure still further. Perhaps the most impressive application of the Kaplan turbine and its derivatives is the great tidal-power scheme in the estuary of the Rance by St-Malo in France, completed in 1966. The turbines probably have to meet a greater demand for flexibility than any others, for they must operate at constant speed with variable head, as the tide ebbs and flows.

 

дистанционное техническое обслуживание
Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
[ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

 

дистанционное техническое обслуживание
Техническое обслуживание объекта, проводимое под управлением персонала без его непосредственного присутствия.
[ОСТ 45.152-99 ]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент

 

введение отчетности о предоставлении услуг
—
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики

• электросвязь, основные понятия

EN

• introduction of service delivery reporting
• SDR

 

запрос к поставщику по отклонениям от проекта или спецификаций
(напр. характеристик, качества оборудования)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• supplier deviation request
• SDR

 

объём пересмотра проекта
(напр. при разработке ядерного реактора)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• scope of design revision
• SDR

 

отчёт о значительных нарушениях работоспособности
(напр. оборудования АЭС)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• significant descripancy report
• SDR

 

отчёт о значительных недостатках
(напр. в эксплуатации оборудования АЭС)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• significant deficiency report
• SDR

 

радиосвязь с программируемыми параметрами
(МСЭ-R Rep. F.2047).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики

• электросвязь, основные понятия

EN

• software defined radio
• SDR

 

требования к разработке системы
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• system development requirements
• SDR

 

тяжеловодный ядерный реактор с натриевым теплоносителем
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]

Тематики

• энергетика в целом

EN

• sodium-deuterium [sodium-D20] reactor
• SDR

8.11 Стойкость к медленному распространению трещин

Определение стойкости к медленному распространению трещин проводят по ГОСТ 24157 на одном образце трубы с четырьмя продольными надрезами, нанесенными на наружную поверхность трубы. Испытание распространяют на трубы с номинальной толщиной стенки более 5 мм.

Надрез осуществляют на фрезерном станке, снабженном (для опоры образца по внутреннему диаметру) горизонтальным стержнем, жестко закрепленным на столе.

Фрезу (рисунок 4) с режущими V-образными зубьями под углом 60° шириной 12,5 мм устанавливают на горизонтальном валу. Скорость резания должна составлять (0,010 ± 0,002) (мм/об)/зуб. Например, фреза с 20 зубьями, вращающаяся со скоростью 700 об/мин, при скорости подачи 150 мм/мин будет иметь скорость резания 150/(20 ´ 700) = 0,011 (мм/об)/зуб. Фрезу не следует использовать для других материалов и целей и после нанесения надреза длиной 100 м ее заменяют.

Определяют минимальную толщину стенки по 8.4.4 и отмечают место первого надреза, затем наносят метки, обозначающие места трех последующих надрезов, которые должны располагаться равномерно по окружности трубы и на равном расстоянии от торцов.

По линиям меток измеряют толщину стенки с каждого торца и рассчитывают среднюю толщину стенки для каждой линии надреза е.

d - наружный диаметр трубы; е - толщина стенки трубы; е_ост - остаточная толщина стенки трубы; l - длина надреза;

Рисунок 4

По таблице 5 выбирают значение остаточной толщины стенки е_ост

Таблица 5

В миллиметрах

Номинальный наружный диаметр d	Остаточная толщина стенки ежкдля труб
	SDR 17,6		SDR 17		SDR 13,6		SDR 11		SDR 9
	мин.	макс.	мин.	макс.	мин.	макс.	мин.	макс.	мин.	макс.
50	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	4,4	4,6
63	-	-	-	-	-	-	4,5	4,8	5,5	5,8
75	-	-	-	-	4,3	4,5	5,3	5,6	6,5	6,9
90	4,1	4,3	4,2	4,4	5,1	5,4	6,4	6,7	7,9	8,3
110	4,9	5,2	5,1	5,4	6,3	6,6	7,8	8,2	9,6	10,1
125	5,5	5,8	5,8	6,1	7,2	7,5	8,9	9,3	10,9	11,5
140	6,2	6,6	6,5	6,8	8,0	8,4	9,9	10,4	12,2	12,9
160	7,1	7,5	7,4	7,8	9,2	9,7	11,4	12,0	14,0	14,7
180	8,0	8,4	8,3	8,8	10,4	10,9	12,8	13,4	15,7	16,5
200	8,9	9,3	9,3	9,8	11,5	12,1	14,2	14,9	17,5	18,4
225	10,0	10,5	10,5	11,0	12,9	13,6	16,0	16,8	19,6	20,6
250	11,1	11,6	11,5	12,1	14,4	15,1	17,7	18,6	21,8	22,9
280	12,4	13,0	12,9	13,6	16,1	16,9	19,8	20,8	24,3	25,6
315	14,0	14,7	14,6	15,3	18,2	19,1	22,3	23,5	27,3	28,7
Примечания 1 Остаточная толщина стенки соответствует 0,78 - 0,82 номинальной толщины стенки. 2 При расчете глубины надреза выбирают максимальное значение остаточной толщины стенки

Глубину каждого надреза n рассчитывают как разность между значениями средней толщины стенки по линии этого надреза e_ср и остаточной толщины стенки е_ост. Длина надреза при полной глубине должна соответствовать номинальному наружному диаметру трубы ± 1 мм.

Надрезы осуществляют попутным фрезерованием на рассчитанную для каждого надреза глубину n. На испытуемый образец с обоих концов устанавливают заглушки типа а по ГОСТ 24157, в качестве рабочей жидкости используют воду.

Испытуемый образец выдерживают в ванне с водой при температуре 80 °С не менее 24 ч, затем в этой же ванне образец подвергают испытательному давлению по таблице 6 и выдерживают в течение заданного времени или до момента разрушения.

Таблица 6

SDR	Испытательное давление, МПа
	ПЭ 80	ПЭ 100
17,6	0,482	0,554
17	0,5	0,575
13,6	0,635	0,73
11	0,8	0,92
9	1,0	1,2
Примечание - Испытательное давление Р рассчитано по формуле где s - начальное напряжение в стенке трубы по таблице 2, МПа; SDR - стандартное размерное отношение

Испытуемый образец извлекают из ванны, охлаждают до температуры 23°С, вырезают сектор трубы посередине надреза длиной 10-20 мм и вскрывают надрез так, чтобы иметь доступ к одной из обработанных фрезой поверхностей надреза. Измеряют ширину надреза b с погрешностью не более 0,1 мм с помощью микроскопа или другого средства измерений (рисунок 4). Глубину надреза n в миллиметрах рассчитывают по формуле

,

где b - ширина поверхности обработанного фрезерованием надреза, мм;

d_cp - средний наружный диаметр трубы, мм.

Затем рассчитывают остаточную толщину стенки для каждого надреза как разность между значениями средней толщины стенки в месте каждого надреза и фактической глубины надреза. Значение остаточной толщины стенки должно соответствовать значениям, указанным в таблице 5.

Если значение остаточной толщины стенки более максимального значения, указанного в таблице 5, образец заменяют другим, который испытывают вновь.

Окончательными результатами являются результаты испытаний трех образцов, выдержавших в течение 165 ч при температуре 80°С без признаков разрушения постоянное внутреннее давление, значение которого выбирают по таблице 6, и которое соответствует напряжению в стенке трубы 4,0 МПа (для ПЭ 80); 4,6 МПа (для ПЭ 100).

Источник: ГОСТ Р 50838-95: Трубы из полиэтилена для газопроводов. Технические условия оригинал документа

A n.

1 casa; abitazione; edificio; dimora; domicilio; casato; famiglia; dinastia; casa commerciale; azienda; ditta: The party is at our house, la festa è a casa nostra; a house for rent, una casa d'affitto; council house ► council; workers' houses, case operaie; at one's house, a casa propria; detached house, una villa (o villetta) unifamiliare; terraced houses, case a schiera; (comput.) software house, azienda che sviluppa software su commessa; software house; publishing house, casa editrice; (stor.) the House of Tudor, la Casa di Tudor; an ancient house, un antico casato; a haunted house, una casa infestata dai fantasmi NOTA D'USO: - home o house?-

2 (fig.) (la gente di) casa: The whole house was astir, tutta la gente di casa era sveglia e in piedi

3 (polit.) camera; assemblea legislativa: (in USA) the House of Representatives, la Camera dei Rappresentanti NOTE DI CULTURA: House of Representatives: è una delle due camere del Congresso statunitense (l'altra è il ► «Senate»). I Representatives ( deputati) sono 435 e hanno un mandato di due anni. Vengono eletti nei vari Stati in numero proporzionale alla popolazione. Sono anche chiamati Congressmen e Congresswomen; to enter the House, andare (o essere eletto) alla Camera

4 locale; teatro; cinema; pubblico, spettatori (a teatr.): a full (o packed) house, un teatro pieno; un pienone (fam.); a thin house, pochi spettatori; una platea semivuota; (fig.) to bring the house down, far crollare il teatro per gli applausi; ( anche) far sbellicare il pubblico (dalle risate)

5 (GB) rappresentazione (o spettacolo) teatrale (o cinematografico): the first [the second] house, il primo [il secondo] spettacolo

6 (= house of God) casa di Dio; chiesa

7 albergo; pensione; locanda; (= eating-house) ristorante, trattoria; (= public house) bar; «casa»; locale: It's on the house!, offre la casa!; (tur., cucina) house special, specialità della casa

8 capannone; recinto; (naut.) casotto: carriage house, capannone per veicoli; hen house, pollaio

9 casa dello studente; convitto; convittori

10 (astrol.) casa

11 – (polit., in GB) the House (= the House of Commons), i Comuni ( la Camera dei rappresentanti in GB)

12 (fin.) (fam.) the House, la Borsa Valori di Londra; brokerage house, casa di brokeraggio; società d'intermediazione mobiliare

13 (mus., = House music) musica house ( degli anni '80; da Warehouse, il night di Chicago dove ebbe origine)

14 (eufem.) casa di tolleranza; casino (fam.)

B a. attr.

1 della casa; casalingo

2 per la casa; da casa: a house jacket, una giacca da casa

3 ( al ristorante) della casa: house wine, vino della casa: DIALOGO → - Ordering food 1- The house wine isn't at all bad, il vino della casa non è per niente male

4 ( d'animale) domestico: a house cat, un gatto domestico

5 delle case; degli immobili: DIALOGO → - Asking where someone lives- I bought a little flat just before the house prices went up, ho comprato un appartamentino prima che i prezzi degli immobili salissero

C inter.

( bingo) tombola!

● house agent, agente immobiliare; mediatore di case □ one's house and home (espress. enfatica per home), la propria casa; i propri lari (fig.); i propri penati (fig.) □ (leg.) house arrest, arresti domiciliari: to be under house arrest, essere agli arresti domiciliari □ (leg.) house brand, marchio commerciale □ house-broken = house-trained ► sotto □ house builder, imprenditore edile □ (relig.) house church, chiesa carismatica; gruppo carismatico □ house clearance, sgombero di mobili e oggetti vecchi □ ( nei circoli) house dinner, pranzo (o cena) sociale □ house dog, cane da guardia □ (naut.) house flag, bandiera della casa ( cioè, di una società mercantile) □ (fam.) house-hunting, ricerca della casa: to go house-hunting, cercare casa □ (teatr.) house lights, luci della (o di) sala □ (zool.) house martin ( Delichon urbica), balestruccio □ (zool.) house mouse ( Mus musculus), topo delle case □ a house of cards, un castello di carte ( anche fig.) □ (in GB) the House of Commons, la Camera dei Comuni □ (GB stor. o USA) house of correction, casa di correzione; correzionale □ (relig., luogo di culto) house of God, casa di Dio; casa del Signore □ (antiq.) house of ill fame (o repute), casa di malaffare; casa di tolleranza □ (in GB) the House of Lords, la Camera dei Pari; la Camera Alta □ (in GB) the Houses of Parliament, le Camere, il Parlamento NOTE DI CULTURA: Houses of Parliament: il parlamento inglese è formato dalla House of Commons ( Camera dei Comuni) e dalla House of Lords ( Camera dei Lord). La House of Commons è composta da 646 deputati ( Members of Parliament o MPs) eletti a suffragio universale con sistema maggioritario di norma ogni cinque anni, ed è presieduta da uno Speaker. La House of Lords è costituita da membri non eletti che si dividono in Lords Spiritual ( vescovi della Chiesa anglicana) e Lords Temporal ( membri laici dell'aristocrazia) ed è presieduta dal Lord ( High) Chancellor. Fino al 1999 i Lord erano 1200; oggi sono circa 700 e la struttura e la funzione stessa della House of Lords sono in corso di ridefinizione □ house on wheels, casa mobile; ( anche) camper, roulotte □ house organ, giornale aziendale □ house painter, imbianchino □ house party, riunione di ospiti in una casa di campagna ( spesso per l'intero weekend) □ house phone, telefono interno □ house physician, medico interno ( in un ospedale) □ house plant, pianta da appartamento □ house-proud, amante della casa; che ci tiene ad avere una bella casa; fanatico della pulizia in casa □ (zool., Passer domesticus) house sparrow, passero domestico □ (med.) house surgeon, chirurgo interno ( d'ospedale) □ (fisc.) house tax, imposta sulla casa □ house-to-house, di casa in casa; (market.) porta a porta, a domicilio: house-to-house selling [service], vendita [servizio] a domicilio □ house-trained, ( d'animale domestico) abituato a vivere in casa; pulito; (fig.) addomesticato (fig.) □ house union, sindacato d'impresa □ house-warming ► housewarming □ to get on (o along) like a house on fire, fare amicizia in quattro e quattr'otto; andare subito d'accordo; avere un feeling immediato □ to keep house, badare alla (o occuparsi della) casa; governare la casa; accudire alla (o la) casa; to keep house for sb., fare da governante a q. □ to keep house together, dividere la casa (o l'appartamento; con q.) □ to keep a good house, trattarsi bene; non farsi mancare nulla; ( anche) governare bene la casa □ to keep open house, essere molto ospitale; ricevere spesso □ (lett.) to keep to the house, starsene in casa □ like a house on fire, energicamente, con vigore; ( anche) velocemente, come un fulmine; ( anche) a gonfie vele (fig.) □ (polit.) to make a house, assicurarsi il numero legale; raggiungere il quorum □ to move house, traslocare □ (fam.) to play house, ( di bambini) giocare alla famiglia; ( anche) andare a vivere (o mettersi) (con q.) □ to put one's house in order = to set one's house in order ► sotto □ (GB) (as) safe as houses, sicuro come una fortezza □ (fig.) to set one's house in order, sistemare i propri affari; metter le cose a posto □ (prov.) A house divided cannot stand, senza concordia non si tira avanti.

1 dare una casa a; albergare; alloggiare; ospitare: We'll house him for the weekend, lo ospiteremo per il week-end

2 collocare; conservare; riporre; sistemare: Some ancient manuscripts are housed here, alcuni manoscritti antichi sono conservati qui

3 (mecc., ecc.) alloggiare; collocare; incassare

4 (falegn.) incastrare

5 (naut.) stivare ( merce); riporre ( l'ancora); alzare, drizzare ( un albero).

см тж McParlan, James; Hammett, (Samuel) Dashiell

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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William Buckle was the son of Thomas Buckle (1759–1849), a millwright who later assisted the 9th Earl of Dundonald (1749–1831) in his various inventions, principally machines for the manufacture of rope. Soon after the birth of William, the family moved from Alnwick to Hull, Yorkshire, where he received his education. The family again moved c.1808 to London, and William was apprenticed to Messrs Woolf \& Edwards, millwrights and engineers of Lambeth. During his apprenticeship he attended evening classes at a mechanical drawing school in Finsbury, which was then the only place of its kind in London.

After completing his apprenticeship, he was sent by Messrs Humphrys to Memel in Prussia to establish steamboats on the rivers and lakes there under the patronage of the Prince of Hardenburg. After about four years he returned to Britain and was employed by Boulton, Watt \& Co. to install the engines in the first steam mail packet for the service between Dublin and Holyhead. He was responsible for the engines of the steamship Lightning when it was used on the visit of George IV to Ireland.

About 1824 Buckle was engaged by Boulton, Watt \& Co. as Manager of the Soho Foundry, where he is credited with introducing the first large screw-cutting lathe. At Soho about 700 or 800 men were employed on a wide variety of engineering manufacture, including coining machinery for mints in many parts of the world, with some in 1826 for the Mint at the Soho Manufactory. In 1851, following the recommendations of a Royal Commission, the Royal Mint in London was reorganized and Buckle was asked to take the post of Assistant Coiner, the senior executive officer under the Deputy Master. This he accepted, retaining the post until the end of his life.

At Soho, Buckle helped to establish a literary and scientific institution to provide evening classes for the apprentices and took part in the teaching. He was an original member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, which was founded in Birmingham in January 1847, and a member of their Council from then until 1855. He contributed a number of papers in the early years, including a memoir of William Murdock whom he had known at Soho; he resigned from the Institution in 1856 after his move to London. He was an honorary member of the London Association of Foreman Engineers.

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SUBJECT AREA: Horology

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Burgi entered the service of Duke William IV of Hesse in 1579 as Court Clockmaker, although he also assisted William with his astronomical observations. In 1584 he invented the cross-beat escapement which increased the accuracy of spring-driven clocks by two orders of magnitude. During the last years of the century he also worked on the development of geometrical and astronomical instruments for the Royal Observatory at Kassel.

On the death of Duke Wilhelm in 1603, and with news of his skills having reached the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II, in 1604 he went to Prague to become Imperial Watchmaker and to assist in the creation of a centre of scientific activity, subsequently becoming Assistant to the German astronomer, Johannes Kepler. No doubt this association led to an interest in mathematics and he made significant contributions to the concept of decimal fractions and the use of exponential notation, i.e. the use of a raised number to indicate powers of another number. It is likely that he was developing the idea of logarithms at the same time (or possibly even before) Napier, for in 1620 he made his greatest contribution to mathematics, science and, eventually, engineering, namely the publication of tables of anti-logarithms.

At Prague he continued the series of accurate clocks and instruments for astronomical measurements that he had begun to produce at Kassel. At that period clocks were very poor timekeepers since the controller, the foliot or balance, had no natural period of oscillation and was consequently dependent on the driving force. Although the force of the driving weight was constant, irregularities occurred during the transmission of the power through the train as a result of the poor shape and quality of the gearing. Burgi attempted to overcome this directly by superb craftsmanship and indirectly by using a remontoire. This device was wound at regular intervals by the main driving force and fed the power directly to the escape wheel, which impulsed the foliot. He also introduced the crossbeat escapement (a variation on the verge), which consisted of two coupled foliots that swung in opposition to each other. According to contemporary evidence his clocks produced a remarkable improvement in timekeeping, being accurate to within a minute a day. This improvement was probably a result of the use of a remontoire and the high quality of the workmanship rather than a result of the cross-beat escapement, which did not have a natural period of oscillation.

Burgi or Prague clocks, as they were known, were produced by very few other makers and were supplanted shortly afterwards by the intro-duction of the pendulum clock. Burgi also produced superb clockwork-driven celestial globes.

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See also: Briggs, Henry

KF / DV

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Photography, film and optics

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At the age of 14 Swan was apprenticed to a Sunderland firm of druggists, later joining John Mawson who had opened a pharmacy in Newcastle. While in Sunderland Swan attended lectures at the Athenaeum, at one of which W.E. Staite exhibited electric-arc and incandescent lighting. The impression made on Swan prompted him to conduct experiments that led to his demonstration of a practical working lamp in 1879. As early as 1848 he was experimenting with carbon as a lamp filament, and by 1869 he had mounted a strip of carbon in a vessel exhausted of air as completely as was then possible; however, because of residual air, the filament quickly failed.

Discouraged by the cost of current from primary batteries and the difficulty of achieving a good vacuum, Swan began to devote much of his attention to photography. With Mawson's support the pharmacy was expanded to include a photographic business. Swan's interest in making permanent photographic records led him to patent the carbon process in 1864 and he discovered how to make a sensitive dry plate in place of the inconvenient wet collodian process hitherto in use. He followed this success with the invention of bromide paper, the subject of a British patent in 1879.

Swan resumed his interest in electric lighting. Sprengel's invention of the mercury pump in 1865 provided Swan with the means of obtaining the high vacuum he needed to produce a satisfactory lamp. Swan adopted a technique which was to become an essential feature in vacuum physics: continuing to heat the filament during the exhaustion process allowed the removal of absorbed gases. The inventions of Gramme, Siemens and Brush provided the source of electrical power at reasonable cost needed to make the incandescent lamp of practical service. Swan exhibited his lamp at a meeting in December 1878 of the Newcastle Chemical Society and again the following year before an audience of 700 at the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. Swan's failure to patent his invention immediately was a tactical error as in November 1879 Edison was granted a British patent for his original lamp, which, however, did not go into production. Parchmentized thread was used in Swan's first commercial lamps, a material soon superseded by the regenerated cellulose filament that he developed. The cellulose filament was made by extruding a solution of nitro-cellulose in acetic acid through a die under pressure into a coagulating fluid, and was used until the ultimate obsolescence of the carbon-filament lamp. Regenerated cellulose became the first synthetic fibre, the further development and exploitation of which he left to others, the patent rights for the process being sold to Courtaulds.

Swan also devised a modification of Planté's secondary battery in which the active material was compressed into a cellular lead plate. This has remained the central principle of all improvements in secondary cells, greatly increasing the storage capacity for a given weight.

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